1 00:00:16,215 --> 00:00:11,244 >>> GOOD MORNING, AND WELCOME. 2 00:00:17,917 --> 00:00:16,282 I'M JANE PLAT WITH NASA'S JET 3 00:00:18,518 --> 00:00:17,984 PROPULSION LABORATORY IN 4 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:18,585 PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. 5 00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:20,987 IN LESS THAN A WEEK, NASA'S DAWN 6 00:00:25,825 --> 00:00:24,357 SPACECRAFT WILL ARRIVE AT THE 7 00:00:27,226 --> 00:00:25,892 DWARF PLANET CERES. 8 00:00:28,361 --> 00:00:27,293 I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE THREE 9 00:00:29,595 --> 00:00:28,428 SPEAKERS WHO WILL TELL YOU MORE 10 00:00:31,130 --> 00:00:29,662 ABOUT THE HISTORIC MISSION. 11 00:00:32,632 --> 00:00:31,197 JOINING US FROM NASA 12 00:00:35,902 --> 00:00:32,699 HEADQUARTERS IN WASHINGTON WILL 13 00:00:39,205 --> 00:00:35,969 BE JIM GREEN, AND HE IS THE 14 00:00:40,006 --> 00:00:39,272 DIRECTOR OF NASA'S PLANETARY 15 00:00:41,207 --> 00:00:40,073 SCIENCE DIVISION. 16 00:00:43,576 --> 00:00:41,274 WE WILL HEAR FROM TWO SPEAKERS 17 00:00:46,813 --> 00:00:43,643 HERE AT JPL, AS WELL, AND THEY 18 00:00:48,981 --> 00:00:46,880 ARE ROBERT NASE, THE DAWN 19 00:00:52,218 --> 00:00:49,048 PROJECT MANAGER, AND CAROL 20 00:00:52,852 --> 00:00:52,285 RAYMOND, THE DAWN DEPUTY 21 00:00:54,387 --> 00:00:52,919 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR. 22 00:00:56,856 --> 00:00:54,454 BEFORE WE GET STARTED, I'D LIKE 23 00:00:58,925 --> 00:00:56,923 TO INTRODUCE OUR JPL DIRECTOR, 24 00:01:03,563 --> 00:00:58,992 DR. CHARLES AWACHI, WHO WILL 25 00:01:04,197 --> 00:01:03,630 MAKE SOME BRIEF OPENING REMARKS. 26 00:01:06,699 --> 00:01:04,264 >>> GOOD MORNING. 27 00:01:09,735 --> 00:01:06,766 THIS IS A VERY EXCITING WEEK IN 28 00:01:10,136 --> 00:01:09,802 OUR QUEST OF EXPLORING AND 29 00:01:11,537 --> 00:01:10,203 DISCOVERY. 30 00:01:13,139 --> 00:01:11,604 BY THE END OF THIS WEEK AS IT 31 00:01:14,674 --> 00:01:13,206 WAS MENTIONED, DAWN WILL ARRIVE 32 00:01:15,708 --> 00:01:14,741 TO CERES. 33 00:01:17,009 --> 00:01:15,775 FIRST MISSION EVER TO 34 00:01:19,078 --> 00:01:17,076 INVESTIGATE A DWARF PLANET. 35 00:01:21,981 --> 00:01:19,145 IT WILL NOT ONLY VISIT, BUT WE 36 00:01:24,784 --> 00:01:22,048 ARE PLANNING TO MOVE IN AND STAY 37 00:01:25,151 --> 00:01:24,851 AND EXPLORE THAT OBJECT FOR A 38 00:01:26,519 --> 00:01:25,218 YEAR. 39 00:01:27,286 --> 00:01:26,586 AND BEYOND THAT WILL STAY FOR A 40 00:01:29,989 --> 00:01:27,353 LONG TIME AROUND IT. 41 00:01:31,257 --> 00:01:30,056 HERE IN THE ROOM, THERE ARE 42 00:01:32,925 --> 00:01:31,324 SEVERAL DAWN TEAM MEMBERS. 43 00:01:35,294 --> 00:01:32,992 SOME HAVE WORKED ON THIS MISSION 44 00:01:37,396 --> 00:01:35,361 FOR MORE THAN A DECADE. 45 00:01:38,898 --> 00:01:37,463 AND SOME ARE RELATIVELY NEW OR 46 00:01:39,699 --> 00:01:38,965 THIS IS THEIR FIRST MISSION, 47 00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:39,766 SPACE MISSION. 48 00:01:44,170 --> 00:01:40,967 THEY ALL SHOULD BE VERY PROUD OF 49 00:01:45,638 --> 00:01:44,237 THIS AMAZING ACCOMPLISHMENT. 50 00:01:48,608 --> 00:01:45,705 IN ADDITION TO BEING THE FIRST 51 00:01:51,043 --> 00:01:48,675 MISSION TO ORBIT A DWARF PLANET, 52 00:01:53,479 --> 00:01:51,110 DAWN REPRESENTS THE FIRST TIME A 53 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:53,546 SPACECRAFT ACTUALLY WENT TO 54 00:01:56,015 --> 00:01:54,147 ALIEN OBJECTS. 55 00:01:57,817 --> 00:01:56,082 WE HAD VESTA A FEW YEARS AGO, 56 00:02:00,820 --> 00:01:57,884 AND NOW WE'RE GETTING TO CERES. 57 00:02:02,522 --> 00:02:00,887 THIS OF MADE POSSIBLE BY -- THIS 58 00:02:03,823 --> 00:02:02,589 WAS MADE POSSIBLE BIKE AN 59 00:02:06,526 --> 00:02:03,890 ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM. 60 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:06,593 OF COURSE WE ARE VERY EXCITED TO 61 00:02:09,462 --> 00:02:07,827 ARRIVE AT CERES SO WE CAN 62 00:02:12,632 --> 00:02:09,529 UNRAVEL THE MYSTERY OF THE 63 00:02:14,233 --> 00:02:12,699 BRIGHT SPOTS THAT YOU SEE IN THE 64 00:02:16,302 --> 00:02:14,300 PICTURES, AS WELL AS MANY OTHER 65 00:02:18,004 --> 00:02:16,369 FEATURES THAT WILL BE DESCRIBED 66 00:02:18,504 --> 00:02:18,071 TO YOU IN THIS PRESENTATION 67 00:02:20,773 --> 00:02:18,571 LATER. 68 00:02:23,543 --> 00:02:20,840 EVERY TIME WE VISIT A NEW 69 00:02:24,744 --> 00:02:23,610 OBJECT, BE IT THE PLANET OR A 70 00:02:25,144 --> 00:02:24,811 SATELLITE, WE ARE ALWAYS 71 00:02:26,913 --> 00:02:25,211 SURPRISED. 72 00:02:30,249 --> 00:02:26,980 AND WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD FOR 73 00:02:31,851 --> 00:02:30,316 MORE SURPRISES THAT WE ARE GOING 74 00:02:32,218 --> 00:02:31,918 TO FIND AS WE ARE EXPLORING 75 00:02:33,819 --> 00:02:32,285 CERES. 76 00:02:36,055 --> 00:02:33,886 THIS MORNING YOU WILL BE SEEING 77 00:02:38,024 --> 00:02:36,122 IMAGES, NEW IMAGES AND ROTATION 78 00:02:38,391 --> 00:02:38,091 MOVIES OF CERES PRESENTED BY THE 79 00:02:42,295 --> 00:02:38,458 SPEAKERS. 80 00:02:45,398 --> 00:02:42,362 DAWN IS ONE OF ALMOST 20 81 00:02:47,867 --> 00:02:45,465 MISSIONS MANAGED BY JPL THAT ARE 82 00:02:48,267 --> 00:02:47,934 EXPLOING THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND 83 00:02:50,203 --> 00:02:48,334 BEYOND. 84 00:02:51,237 --> 00:02:50,270 WE'RE TOUT ANSWER FUNDAMENTAL 85 00:02:54,207 --> 00:02:51,304 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW OUR SOLAR 86 00:02:55,041 --> 00:02:54,274 SYSTEM ORIGINATED AND CHANGED 87 00:02:56,542 --> 00:02:55,108 OVER TIME. 88 00:02:58,611 --> 00:02:56,609 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING JIM 89 00:03:06,519 --> 00:02:58,678 GREEN, THE DIRECTOR OF PLANETARY 90 00:03:08,054 --> 00:03:06,586 SCIENCE AT NASA HEADQUARTERS. 91 00:03:08,921 --> 00:03:08,121 >> GOOD MORNING, I AM JUST 92 00:03:11,891 --> 00:03:08,988 DELIGHTED THAT DAWN IS NOW RIGHT 93 00:03:14,694 --> 00:03:11,958 ON THE DOORSTEP OF CERES. 94 00:03:15,895 --> 00:03:14,761 YOU KNOW, DAWN IS PART OF WHAT 95 00:03:19,532 --> 00:03:15,962 WE CALL OUR DISCOVERY PROGRAM, 96 00:03:20,433 --> 00:03:19,599 ONE OF MANY MISSIONS THAT OUR 97 00:03:21,867 --> 00:03:20,500 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR LED. 98 00:03:25,371 --> 00:03:21,934 THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON 99 00:03:28,641 --> 00:03:25,438 DAWN IS CHRIS RUSSELL FROM UCLA. 100 00:03:30,209 --> 00:03:28,708 AND CHRIS HAS PUT TOGETHER A 101 00:03:31,544 --> 00:03:30,276 FABULOUS TEAM BOTH NATIONAL 102 00:03:33,646 --> 00:03:31,611 SCIENTISTS BUT ALSO 103 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:33,713 INTERNATIONAL TEAM MEMBERS AND 104 00:03:38,551 --> 00:03:34,147 INSTRUMENTS. 105 00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:38,618 DAWN IS JUST A TREMENDOUSLY 106 00:03:44,624 --> 00:03:42,622 EXCITING SPACECRAFT AND UNIQUE. 107 00:03:45,992 --> 00:03:44,691 IT HAS ION ENGINES AND IS THE 108 00:03:47,660 --> 00:03:46,059 ONLY ONE WE'VE EVER LAUNCHED TO 109 00:03:54,133 --> 00:03:47,727 BE ABLE TO ORBIT TWO BODIES, AND 110 00:03:56,469 --> 00:03:54,200 IN THIS CASE VESTA AND CERES. 111 00:03:58,738 --> 00:03:56,536 DAWN, AS IT'S NAMED, IS NOT AN 112 00:03:59,038 --> 00:03:58,805 ACRONYM WHICH IS MOST UNUSUAL AT 113 00:03:59,872 --> 00:03:59,105 NASA. 114 00:04:01,540 --> 00:03:59,939 DAWN REALLY TROEFRS WHEN THE 115 00:04:02,608 --> 00:04:01,607 MISSION IS ALL -- REFERS TO WHAT 116 00:04:06,412 --> 00:04:02,675 THE MISSION IS ALL ABOUT. 117 00:04:07,613 --> 00:04:06,479 AND THAT IS GOING BACK IN TIME, 118 00:04:11,584 --> 00:04:07,680 VISITING THE BASIC REALM NANCE 119 00:04:12,818 --> 00:04:11,651 OF OBJECTS THAT COME TOGETHER TO 120 00:04:14,687 --> 00:04:12,885 FORM OUR PLANETS. 121 00:04:18,624 --> 00:04:14,754 SO JUPITER'S KEPT THESE PIECES 122 00:04:22,128 --> 00:04:18,691 APART TESTIMONY'S ALLOWED US NOW 123 00:04:23,262 --> 00:04:22,195 TO GET TO THEM, AND WE'RE GOING 124 00:04:24,730 --> 00:04:23,329 TO BE REALLY EXCITED ABOUT 125 00:04:25,931 --> 00:04:24,797 VISITING CERES AND PUTTING THIS 126 00:04:29,969 --> 00:04:25,998 IN CONTEXT WITH WHAT WE KNOW 127 00:04:34,473 --> 00:04:30,036 ABOUT VESTA AND THE OTHER 128 00:04:35,641 --> 00:04:34,540 ASTEROIDS.ADIEU, ROBERT 129 00:04:37,109 --> 00:04:35,708 MACE WILL TALK TO US ABOUT HOW 130 00:04:39,779 --> 00:04:37,176 DAWN IS GOING TO ACCOMPLISH 131 00:04:40,046 --> 00:04:39,846 GETTING IN ORBIT. 132 00:04:40,846 --> 00:04:40,113 BOB? 133 00:04:43,416 --> 00:04:40,913 >> THANK YOU, JIM. 134 00:04:44,884 --> 00:04:43,483 GOOD MORNING, MY NAME IS BOB 135 00:04:46,285 --> 00:04:44,951 MAYS, AND I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE 136 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:46,352 TO TELL YOU ABOUT ONE OF THE 137 00:04:49,755 --> 00:04:47,787 COOLEST MISSIONS TO ONE OF THE 138 00:04:50,256 --> 00:04:49,822 LAST UNEXPLORED WORLDS IN THE 139 00:04:51,524 --> 00:04:50,323 SOLAR SYSTEM. 140 00:04:54,026 --> 00:04:51,591 BEYOND THE ORBIT OF MARS BUT 141 00:04:56,162 --> 00:04:54,093 BEFORE YOU GET TO JUPITER IS THE 142 00:04:57,029 --> 00:04:56,229 MAIN ASTEROID BELT AND A PLANET 143 00:05:01,801 --> 00:04:57,096 YOU'VE PROBABLY NEVER HEARD OF 144 00:05:03,569 --> 00:05:01,868 NAMED CERES. 145 00:05:04,904 --> 00:05:03,636 IT WAS DISCOVERED IN 1801 AND 146 00:05:07,473 --> 00:05:04,971 FOR YEARS WAS CONSIDER A PLANET. 147 00:05:09,008 --> 00:05:07,540 LATER IT WAS CALLED AN ASTEROID. 148 00:05:10,176 --> 00:05:09,075 MORE RECENTLY IT WAS CLARIIED 149 00:05:12,078 --> 00:05:10,243 AS A DWARF PLANET. 150 00:05:13,512 --> 00:05:12,145 WHILE IT MAY BE LABELED AT 151 00:05:15,581 --> 00:05:13,579 DWARF, AT 600 MILES ACROSS, IT'S 152 00:05:15,881 --> 00:05:15,648 THE GIANT OF THE MAIN ASTEROID 153 00:05:16,749 --> 00:05:15,948 BELT. 154 00:05:18,617 --> 00:05:16,816 BEHIND SUBCOMMITTEE ONE OF THE 155 00:05:19,218 --> 00:05:18,684 BEST IMAGES THAT WE HAVE OF THIS 156 00:05:20,820 --> 00:05:19,285 MYSTERIOUS WORLD. 157 00:05:24,023 --> 00:05:20,887 THIS WAS TAKEN JUST A FEW DAYS 158 00:05:26,592 --> 00:05:24,090 AGO WITH THE DAWN SPACECRAFT. 159 00:05:27,093 --> 00:05:26,659 DAWN'S MISSION IS TO EXPLORE THE 160 00:05:29,462 --> 00:05:27,160 ICY WORLD. 161 00:05:31,364 --> 00:05:29,529 WE LAUNCHED BACK IN 2007, AND 162 00:05:36,035 --> 00:05:31,431 FOR THE LAST 7.5 YEARS, WE'VE 163 00:05:37,937 --> 00:05:36,102 BEEN TRAVELING TO GET TO CERES. 164 00:05:39,071 --> 00:05:38,004 LATER THIS WEEK WE'LL BE 165 00:05:41,374 --> 00:05:39,138 CAPTURED INTO ORBIT AND BE THE 166 00:05:41,707 --> 00:05:41,441 FIRST MISSION TO REACH A DWARF 167 00:05:43,709 --> 00:05:41,774 PLANET. 168 00:05:46,312 --> 00:05:43,776 THE CAPTURE WILL OCCUR EARLY 169 00:05:47,179 --> 00:05:46,379 FRIDAY, MARCH 6th, ABOUT 4:20 170 00:05:49,682 --> 00:05:47,246 A.M. LOCAL TIME. 171 00:05:50,316 --> 00:05:49,749 NOW THE CAPTURE ITSELF WILL 172 00:05:52,151 --> 00:05:50,383 OCCUR AT A TIME WHEN THE 173 00:05:53,319 --> 00:05:52,218 SPACECRAFT IS NOT 174 00:05:54,987 --> 00:05:53,386 COMMUNICATESING WITH THE EARTH, 175 00:05:56,889 --> 00:05:55,054 BUT SEVERAL HOURS LATER, THE 176 00:05:58,391 --> 00:05:56,956 SPACECRAFT WILL SEND A SIGNAL IN 177 00:06:00,092 --> 00:05:58,458 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK OF GROWN 178 00:06:02,995 --> 00:06:00,159 ANTENNAS WILL RECEIVE THE SIGNAL 179 00:06:04,163 --> 00:06:03,062 AND CONFIRM THAT INDEED DAWN HAS 180 00:06:05,664 --> 00:06:04,230 CAPTURED INTO ORBIT. 181 00:06:07,099 --> 00:06:05,731 TODAY I'LL GIVE YOU A LITTLE 182 00:06:09,368 --> 00:06:07,166 BACKGROUND ON DAWN AND TELL YOU 183 00:06:11,937 --> 00:06:09,435 HOW WE GOT HERE, AND THEN CAROL 184 00:06:13,572 --> 00:06:12,004 RAYMOND WILL SHOW YOU SOME OF 185 00:06:14,874 --> 00:06:13,639 THE LATEST IMAGES, DESCRIBE THE 186 00:06:16,442 --> 00:06:14,941 SCIENCE AND WHAT WE HOPE TO 187 00:06:19,044 --> 00:06:16,509 LEARN AT CERES. 188 00:06:19,678 --> 00:06:19,111 NOW TO GET THERE IS NO SMALL 189 00:06:20,946 --> 00:06:19,745 FEAT. 190 00:06:22,982 --> 00:06:21,013 CERES IS ABOUT THREE TIMES 191 00:06:23,682 --> 00:06:23,049 FARTHER FROM THE SUN THAN THE 192 00:06:25,217 --> 00:06:23,749 EARTH IS. 193 00:06:26,919 --> 00:06:25,284 TO CAPTURE ENOUGH ENERGY AT 194 00:06:29,655 --> 00:06:26,986 THOSE GREAT DISTANCES, DAWN HAS 195 00:06:29,989 --> 00:06:29,722 THESE TREMENDOUSLY LONG SOLAR 196 00:06:31,957 --> 00:06:30,056 ARRAYS. 197 00:06:34,093 --> 00:06:32,024 THE WING SPAN IS ABOUT 65 FEET 198 00:06:36,095 --> 00:06:34,160 FROM TIP TO TIP, ABOUT THE 199 00:06:38,130 --> 00:06:36,162 DISTANCE FROM PITCHER'S NOUN 200 00:06:39,965 --> 00:06:38,197 HOME PLATE ON -- MOUND TO HOME 201 00:06:40,666 --> 00:06:40,032 PLATE ON A PROFESSIONAL 202 00:06:43,035 --> 00:06:40,733 PITCHER'S MOUND. 203 00:06:43,803 --> 00:06:43,102 THAT MAKES DAWN THE LARGEST 204 00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:43,870 INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT THAT 205 00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:44,871 NASA HAS LAUNCHED. 206 00:06:48,207 --> 00:06:47,607 OUR JOURNEY IS MADE POSSIBLE BY 207 00:06:49,842 --> 00:06:48,274 ICON PROPULSION. 208 00:06:50,643 --> 00:06:49,909 THIS ADVANCED SOUNDING 209 00:06:52,111 --> 00:06:50,710 TECHNOLOGY HAS ACTUALLY BEEN 210 00:06:54,346 --> 00:06:52,178 AROUND IN CONCEPT FOR DECADES. 211 00:06:57,716 --> 00:06:54,413 YOU PROBABLY HEARD IT IN SCIENCE 212 00:06:58,117 --> 00:06:57,783 FICTION AND "STAR WARS" AND 213 00:06:59,685 --> 00:06:58,184 "STAR TREK." 214 00:07:02,488 --> 00:06:59,752 AND WHILE WE'RE DEEPLY SADDENED 215 00:07:03,656 --> 00:07:02,555 AT THE LOSS OF ONE OF OUR 216 00:07:05,558 --> 00:07:03,723 FAVORITE ACTORS, IT WAS MR. 217 00:07:07,827 --> 00:07:05,625 SPOCK WHO POINTED OUT THE ALIEN 218 00:07:08,994 --> 00:07:07,894 SHIP WITH THE ADVANCED ION 219 00:07:12,498 --> 00:07:09,061 PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS 220 00:07:14,733 --> 00:07:12,565 FAR MORE ADVANCED THAN ANYTHING 221 00:07:16,635 --> 00:07:14,800 THAT THEY HAD ON THE ENTERPRISE. 222 00:07:19,205 --> 00:07:16,702 AS WE ROLL THE FIRST ANIMATION, 223 00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:19,272 YOU'LL SEE THAT THE 224 00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:21,007 HYPER-EFFICIENT ION ENERGY EMITS 225 00:07:26,846 --> 00:07:21,807 A COOL BLUE GLOW. 226 00:07:29,281 --> 00:07:26,913 THIS IS DUE TO THE ZENON GAS. 227 00:07:32,885 --> 00:07:29,348 THE ATOMS ARE IONIZED AND 228 00:07:34,587 --> 00:07:32,952 ACCELERATED TO THRUSTER AT HIGH 229 00:07:36,188 --> 00:07:34,654 VELOCITIES. 230 00:07:37,490 --> 00:07:36,255 THE ION ENGINE PRODUCED LOW 231 00:07:38,924 --> 00:07:37,557 THRUST, ABOUT AS MUCH AS THIS 232 00:07:39,225 --> 00:07:38,991 PIECE OF PAPER PUSHING ON MY 233 00:07:40,726 --> 00:07:39,292 HAND. 234 00:07:42,761 --> 00:07:40,793 TO PUT IT IN TERMS WE RELATE TO, 235 00:07:44,363 --> 00:07:42,828 WE GO FROM ZERO TO 60 IN ABOUT 236 00:07:47,533 --> 00:07:44,430 HOUR DAYS. 237 00:07:49,902 --> 00:07:47,600 HOWEVER -- IN ABOUT FOUR DAYS. 238 00:07:51,170 --> 00:07:49,969 HOWEVER, IAN ENGINES ARE TEN 239 00:07:51,804 --> 00:07:51,237 TIMES MORE EFFICIENT THAN 240 00:07:53,405 --> 00:07:51,871 CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS. 241 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:53,472 WE CAN CONTINUE TO THRUST AND 242 00:07:57,109 --> 00:07:54,507 ACCELERATE FOR DAYS AND WEEKS 243 00:07:58,410 --> 00:07:57,176 AND MONTHS, WHEREAS DAWN HAS NOW 244 00:08:02,548 --> 00:07:58,477 FOR MORE THAN FIVE YEARS TO 245 00:08:04,683 --> 00:08:02,615 GENERATE TREMENDOUS VELOCITIES. 246 00:08:05,684 --> 00:08:04,750 WITH THE 1,000 POUNDS OF 247 00:08:06,418 --> 00:08:05,751 PROPELLANT ON BOARD, DAWN HAS 248 00:08:10,956 --> 00:08:06,485 ALREADY ACCOMPLISHED MORE THAN 249 00:08:11,290 --> 00:08:11,023 2,000 MILES PER HOUR OF VELOCITY 250 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:11,357 CHANGE. 251 00:08:14,627 --> 00:08:13,526 TO PUT THAT IN CONTEXT, THAT'S 252 00:08:16,695 --> 00:08:14,694 MORE THAN IT FOLKS GET A VEHICLE 253 00:08:18,364 --> 00:08:16,762 FROM THE -- IT TAKES TO GET A 254 00:08:19,198 --> 00:08:18,431 VEHICLE TO THE SURFACE OF THE 255 00:08:21,033 --> 00:08:19,265 EARTH TO THE SPACE STATION. 256 00:08:23,536 --> 00:08:21,100 THIS ION PRO-PULLING ENABLES US 257 00:08:24,870 --> 00:08:23,603 TO -- PROPULSION ENABLES US TO 258 00:08:26,205 --> 00:08:24,937 DO THINGS AND GO PLACES THAT 259 00:08:28,674 --> 00:08:26,272 WOULD BE EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE OR 260 00:08:30,676 --> 00:08:28,741 COMPLETELY IMPOSSIBLE TO DO. 261 00:08:32,511 --> 00:08:30,743 DAWN REALLY CAPITALIZES ON THE 262 00:08:36,615 --> 00:08:32,578 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TO DELIVER 263 00:08:38,183 --> 00:08:36,682 BIG SCIENCE ON A SMALL BUDGET. 264 00:08:39,652 --> 00:08:38,250 NOW DAWN AND CERES ARE EACH 265 00:08:41,053 --> 00:08:39,719 TRAVELING AROUND THE SUN AT 266 00:08:42,388 --> 00:08:41,120 THOUSANDS OF MILES PER HOUR, BUT 267 00:08:45,691 --> 00:08:42,455 RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER THEY 268 00:08:47,693 --> 00:08:45,758 APPEAR TO BE MOVING SLOWLY. 269 00:08:50,596 --> 00:08:47,760 AS WE ROLL THE NEXT VIDEO, 270 00:08:52,965 --> 00:08:50,663 YOU'LL SEE THE SPACECRAFT EASE 271 00:08:53,899 --> 00:08:53,032 UP NEXT TO CERES AND BE GENTLY 272 00:08:55,935 --> 00:08:53,966 CAPTURED INTO ORBIT. 273 00:08:58,604 --> 00:08:56,002 AT ITS CLOSEST APPROACH, DAWN IS 274 00:08:59,672 --> 00:08:58,671 WITHIN ABOUT 25,000 MILES OF 275 00:09:03,108 --> 00:08:59,739 CERES, ABOUT TEN TIMES CLOSER 276 00:09:04,944 --> 00:09:03,175 THAN THE MOON IS TO THE EARTH. 277 00:09:06,412 --> 00:09:05,011 THEN OVER THE NEXT MONTH, WE'LL 278 00:09:09,848 --> 00:09:06,479 RESHAPE THE ORBIT, AND WE'LL GET 279 00:09:10,316 --> 00:09:09,915 READY TO BEGIN THE PRIME SCIENCE 280 00:09:12,251 --> 00:09:10,383 PHASE. 281 00:09:13,752 --> 00:09:12,318 NOTE THAT THE SPACECRAFT 282 00:09:16,755 --> 00:09:13,819 APPROACH ON THE LIT SIDE OF THE 283 00:09:17,556 --> 00:09:16,822 PLANET AND THEN WENT OVER TO THE 284 00:09:18,791 --> 00:09:17,623 DARK SIDE. 285 00:09:21,260 --> 00:09:18,858 WE'VE BEEN TAKING IMAGES THE 286 00:09:22,528 --> 00:09:21,327 LAST SEVERAL WEEKS OF CERES 287 00:09:23,729 --> 00:09:22,595 NICELY LIT UP IN FRONT OF US. 288 00:09:24,930 --> 00:09:23,796 HOWEVER, WE'RE NOW THE DARK 289 00:09:26,231 --> 00:09:24,997 SIDE, SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A 290 00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:26,298 BLACKOUT FOR ABOUT THE NEXT 291 00:09:30,402 --> 00:09:28,367 MONTH UNTIL WE GET BACK TOWARD 292 00:09:32,738 --> 00:09:30,469 THE LIT SIDE OF THE BODY. 293 00:09:34,506 --> 00:09:32,805 THEN THE FLOODGATES WILL OPEN 294 00:09:35,374 --> 00:09:34,573 WHEN WE GET TO THE FIRST SCIENCE 295 00:09:37,009 --> 00:09:35,441 ORBIT IN LATE APRIL. 296 00:09:38,277 --> 00:09:37,076 IF WE COULD ROLL THE THIRD 297 00:09:39,778 --> 00:09:38,344 ANIMATION, YOU'LL SEE THAT ONE 298 00:09:42,247 --> 00:09:39,845 THE PRIME SCIENCE CAMPAIGN 299 00:09:43,015 --> 00:09:42,314 BEGINS, THE MISSION PROFILE WILL 300 00:09:44,717 --> 00:09:43,082 ALTERNATE BETWEEN TAKING DATA 301 00:09:46,752 --> 00:09:44,784 WITH ALL OF OUR INSTRUMENTS AND 302 00:09:49,655 --> 00:09:46,819 USING THE ION ENGINE TO SPIRAL 303 00:09:50,923 --> 00:09:49,722 DOWN TO LOWER AND LOWER ORBITS. 304 00:09:53,392 --> 00:09:50,990 OUR MISSION DESIGNERS HAVE 305 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:53,459 PLANNED A SEQUENCE OF FOUR LOWER 306 00:09:57,796 --> 00:09:55,227 AND LOWER ORBITS AND WILL GET TO 307 00:09:59,698 --> 00:09:57,863 OUR FINAL ORBIT IN DECEMBER OF 308 00:10:00,933 --> 00:09:59,765 THIS YEAR AT JUST 235 MILES 309 00:10:02,101 --> 00:10:01,000 ABOVE THE SURFACE. 310 00:10:04,269 --> 00:10:02,168 AGAIN, FOR CONTEXT, THAT'S JUST 311 00:10:04,970 --> 00:10:04,336 A LITTLE BIT LOWER THAN THE 312 00:10:07,306 --> 00:10:05,037 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 313 00:10:08,641 --> 00:10:07,373 ORBITS AROUND THE EARTH. 314 00:10:10,909 --> 00:10:08,708 FROM THIS VANTAGE POINT, DAWN 315 00:10:12,811 --> 00:10:10,976 WILL ACQUIRE ITS HIGHEST DETAIL 316 00:10:14,747 --> 00:10:12,878 AND HIGHEST RESOLUTION IMAGES OF 317 00:10:15,714 --> 00:10:14,814 THE SURFACE. 318 00:10:18,017 --> 00:10:15,781 THE PRIME SCIENCE CAMPAIGN WILL 319 00:10:20,119 --> 00:10:18,084 LAST THROUGH JUNE OF 20126 WHICH 320 00:10:21,253 --> 00:10:20,186 WILL PROVIDE -- 2016 WHICH WILL 321 00:10:22,688 --> 00:10:21,320 PROVIDE ENOUGH TIME FOR DAWN TO 322 00:10:23,088 --> 00:10:22,755 ACCOMPLISH ALL OF ITS SCIENTIFIC 323 00:10:25,357 --> 00:10:23,155 OBJECTIVES. 324 00:10:26,158 --> 00:10:25,424 SO TO WRAP UP, THE SPACECRAFT'S 325 00:10:28,460 --> 00:10:26,225 IN EXCELLENT CONDITION. 326 00:10:29,194 --> 00:10:28,527 THE APPROACH HAS GONE FLAWLESSLY 327 00:10:31,063 --> 00:10:29,261 SO FAR. 328 00:10:35,167 --> 00:10:31,130 AND OUR OUTSTANDING TEAM HAS 329 00:10:39,471 --> 00:10:35,234 DAWN ON COURSE AND ON SCHEDULE 330 00:10:41,006 --> 00:10:39,538 FOR ITS RENDEZVOUS WITH CERES. 331 00:10:43,308 --> 00:10:41,073 I'LL HAND IT OVER TO CAROL 332 00:10:44,510 --> 00:10:43,375 RAYMOND TO TALK ABOUT THE 333 00:10:44,877 --> 00:10:44,577 SIGNIFICANT WORLD WE'RE ABOUT TO 334 00:10:46,145 --> 00:10:44,944 EXPLORE. 335 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:46,212 >> THANK YOU, BOB. 336 00:10:48,814 --> 00:10:48,147 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 337 00:10:51,717 --> 00:10:48,881 WHILE CERES HAS REALLY SURPRISED 338 00:10:52,985 --> 00:10:51,784 US AND PRODUCED THE -- THE FIRST 339 00:10:54,753 --> 00:10:53,052 IMAGES HAVE PRODUCED PUZZLING 340 00:10:59,258 --> 00:10:54,820 FEATURES THAT'S GOTTEN THE TEAM 341 00:10:59,992 --> 00:10:59,325 AND I THINK MANY PEOPLE VERY 342 00:11:01,427 --> 00:11:00,059 EXCITED. 343 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:01,494 IN FIRST MOVIE THIS I'M SHOWING, 344 00:11:05,531 --> 00:11:04,230 THIS IS A MOVIE THAT WAS 345 00:11:06,799 --> 00:11:05,598 OBTAINED ON FEBRUARY 19th, WHEN 346 00:11:08,067 --> 00:11:06,866 THE SPACECRAFT STOPPED 347 00:11:10,636 --> 00:11:08,134 THRUSTING, TURNED ITS CAMERA 348 00:11:13,005 --> 00:11:10,703 TOWARD CERES, AND WATCHED CERES 349 00:11:14,606 --> 00:11:13,072 FOR A FULL 9.1-HOUR ROTATION. 350 00:11:17,342 --> 00:11:14,673 HAS A RESOLUTION OF ABOUT FOUR 351 00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:17,409 KILOMETERS PER PIXEL OR ABOUT 352 00:11:20,512 --> 00:11:18,677 2.2 MILES PER PIXEL. 353 00:11:21,947 --> 00:11:20,579 AND ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS YOU 354 00:11:24,383 --> 00:11:22,014 NOTICE LOOKING AT IT STANDS OUT 355 00:11:24,883 --> 00:11:24,450 VERY CLEARLY IS HOW ROUND CERES 356 00:11:27,219 --> 00:11:24,950 IS. 357 00:11:29,922 --> 00:11:27,286 AND CERES' ROUNDNESS IS ONE OF 358 00:11:31,523 --> 00:11:29,989 ITS PLANETARY CHARACTERISTICS. 359 00:11:33,459 --> 00:11:31,590 WE ALSO KNOW THAT CERES IS MUCH 360 00:11:36,395 --> 00:11:33,526 LIGHTER THAN THE ROCKY PLANETS. 361 00:11:37,596 --> 00:11:36,462 SO WE KNOW IT RETAINED A LOT OF 362 00:11:38,363 --> 00:11:37,663 WATER AND LIGHT VOLATILE 363 00:11:44,636 --> 00:11:38,430 ELEMENTS THAT WERE PRESENT IN 364 00:11:44,970 --> 00:11:44,703 THE SOLAR NEBULA WHEN CERES WAS 365 00:11:46,672 --> 00:11:45,037 FORMED. 366 00:11:49,074 --> 00:11:46,739 AND IN THIS SENSE IT'S LIKE THE 367 00:11:54,780 --> 00:11:49,141 ICY MOONS OF THE OUTER SOLAR 368 00:11:56,548 --> 00:11:54,847 SYSTEM, OBJECTS LIKE EUROROPA. 369 00:11:59,084 --> 00:11:56,615 THE MOON AND VESTA HAVE MELTED 370 00:12:00,519 --> 00:11:59,151 AND BOILED OFF THE WATER AND THE 371 00:12:03,756 --> 00:12:00,586 LIGHT ELEMENTS, AND LEAVING THEM 372 00:12:05,524 --> 00:12:03,823 DRY AND ROCKY. 373 00:12:06,725 --> 00:12:05,591 SO ITSELF CHARLES AND JIM 374 00:12:08,393 --> 00:12:06,792 MENTIONED, ONE OF THE PRIME 375 00:12:12,631 --> 00:12:08,460 MOTIVATIONS OF THE DAWN MISSION 376 00:12:14,299 --> 00:12:12,698 IS TO EXAMINE THESE BUILDING 377 00:12:17,069 --> 00:12:14,366 BLOCKS OF THE PLANETS VESTA AND 378 00:12:17,936 --> 00:12:17,136 CERES WHICH ARE TWO INTACT 379 00:12:18,804 --> 00:12:18,003 PROTOPLANETS FROM THE DAWN OF 380 00:12:21,707 --> 00:12:18,871 THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 381 00:12:26,044 --> 00:12:21,774 SO THEY'RE LITERALLY FOSSILS 382 00:12:27,446 --> 00:12:26,111 THAT WE CAN INVESTIGATE TO 383 00:12:28,947 --> 00:12:27,513 REALLY UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES 384 00:12:30,749 --> 00:12:29,014 THAT WERE GOING ON AT THAT TIME. 385 00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:30,816 IN THIS IMAGE MOSAIC, IT'S A 386 00:12:34,453 --> 00:12:31,817 FLAT MAP MADE FROM THE DATA THAT 387 00:12:37,356 --> 00:12:34,520 YOU SAW IN THE MOVIE, AND IN THE 388 00:12:38,657 --> 00:12:37,423 INITIAL VIEWS OF CERES, WE SUE 389 00:12:40,793 --> 00:12:38,724 MANY STLANCHLG FEATURES. 390 00:12:43,662 --> 00:12:40,860 WE SEE SMOOTH AREAS, SOME AREAS 391 00:12:48,433 --> 00:12:43,729 THAT ARE CHAOTICALLY FRACTURED, 392 00:12:49,668 --> 00:12:48,500 AND WE SEE CRATERS OF ALL SIZES. 393 00:12:51,537 --> 00:12:49,735 THE SHAPES AND SIZES OF THE 394 00:12:53,939 --> 00:12:51,604 CRATERS WILL ALLOW US TO TEST 395 00:12:57,342 --> 00:12:54,006 THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE IS A 396 00:13:00,512 --> 00:12:57,409 SUBSURFACE ICE LAYER ON CERES. 397 00:13:06,351 --> 00:13:00,579 OF PARTICULAR INTEREST ARE THE 398 00:13:07,085 --> 00:13:06,418 BRIGHT SPOTS WHICH APPEAR MAINLY 399 00:13:08,754 --> 00:13:07,152 IN LOW LATITUDES AND STAND OUT 400 00:13:10,856 --> 00:13:08,821 AGAINST CERES' DARK SURFACE. 401 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:10,923 IN THE NEXT GRAPHIC, WE WILL 402 00:13:15,060 --> 00:13:14,827 FOCUS ON THE TWO VERY BRIGHT 403 00:13:17,129 --> 00:13:15,127 SPOTS. 404 00:13:20,232 --> 00:13:17,196 NOW SUFFICE IT TO SAY THESE 405 00:13:23,769 --> 00:13:20,299 SPOTS WERE EXTREMELY SURPRISING 406 00:13:26,071 --> 00:13:23,836 TO THE TEAM, AND THEY HAVE BEEN 407 00:13:27,739 --> 00:13:26,138 PUZZLING TO THE TEAM AND TO 408 00:13:30,809 --> 00:13:27,806 EVERYBODY WHO'S SEEN THEM. 409 00:13:32,978 --> 00:13:30,876 THEY SHOW UP IN A 92-KILOMETER 410 00:13:33,812 --> 00:13:33,045 CRATER THAT'S ABOUT 19 DEGREES 411 00:13:36,348 --> 00:13:33,879 NORTH LATITUDE. 412 00:13:37,883 --> 00:13:36,415 THE SPOT IN THE CENTER IS ABOUT 413 00:13:39,952 --> 00:13:37,950 TWICE AS BRIGHT AS THE SPOT ON 414 00:13:41,820 --> 00:13:40,019 THE SIDE OF THE CRATER. 415 00:13:43,055 --> 00:13:41,887 AND AS YET IT HAS NOT BEEN 416 00:13:45,290 --> 00:13:43,122 RESOLVED, MEANING IT'S SMALLER 417 00:13:45,591 --> 00:13:45,357 THAN THE FOUR-KILOMETER PIXEL 418 00:13:48,293 --> 00:13:45,658 SIZE. 419 00:13:49,328 --> 00:13:48,360 BUT ITS APPARENT BRIGHTNESS IS 420 00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:49,395 ALREADY OFF SCALE, IT'S 421 00:13:53,832 --> 00:13:53,032 CONSISTENT WITH HIGHLY 422 00:13:56,602 --> 00:13:53,899 REFLECTIVE MATERIALS WHICH MAY 423 00:13:58,136 --> 00:13:56,669 CONTAIN ICE OR SALTS. 424 00:14:00,672 --> 00:13:58,203 SO THIS EXTREME BRIGHTNESS WAS 425 00:14:03,275 --> 00:14:00,739 REALLY UNEXPECTED, BUT IN 2014, 426 00:14:06,211 --> 00:14:03,342 IT WAS REPORTED THAT THE 427 00:14:08,213 --> 00:14:06,278 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY'S HERSCHEL 428 00:14:09,648 --> 00:14:08,280 SPACE OBSERVATORY DETECTED WATER 429 00:14:11,116 --> 00:14:09,715 VAPOR AROUND CERES COMING FROM 430 00:14:12,818 --> 00:14:11,183 TWO LONGITUDE SECTORS. 431 00:14:15,754 --> 00:14:12,885 THIS CRATER IS LOCATED IN ONE OF 432 00:14:17,356 --> 00:14:15,821 THOSE LONGITUDE SECTORS, SO IT 433 00:14:19,391 --> 00:14:17,423 MIGHT BE RELATED TO THE WATER 434 00:14:20,959 --> 00:14:19,458 VAPOR EMISSION. 435 00:14:23,462 --> 00:14:21,026 AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE 436 00:14:26,031 --> 00:14:23,529 IMPACT CRATER MAY INDICATE THE 437 00:14:28,901 --> 00:14:26,098 IMPACT HEATING RESULTED IN 438 00:14:30,469 --> 00:14:28,968 EXPOSURE OF UNDERLYING ICE, ITS 439 00:14:33,972 --> 00:14:30,536 VAPOR SITUATION, AND PERHAPS 440 00:14:35,908 --> 00:14:34,039 WE'RE -- VAPORIZATION, AND 441 00:14:37,109 --> 00:14:35,975 PERHAPS WE'RE SEEING A DEPOSIT 442 00:14:37,676 --> 00:14:37,176 LEFT BEHIND THAT'S RICH IN 443 00:14:39,378 --> 00:14:37,743 MATERIAL LIKE SALTS. 444 00:14:40,779 --> 00:14:39,445 THE TEAM IS REALLY, REALLY 445 00:14:42,481 --> 00:14:40,846 EXCITED ABOUT THIS FEATURE 446 00:14:45,550 --> 00:14:42,548 BECAUSE IT IS UNIQUE IN THE 447 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:45,617 SOLAR SYSTEM. 448 00:14:50,322 --> 00:14:48,787 AND WE WILL BE REVEALING ITS 449 00:14:51,356 --> 00:14:50,389 TRUE NATURE AS WE GET CLOSER AND 450 00:14:52,791 --> 00:14:51,423 CLOSER TO THE SURFACE. 451 00:14:56,461 --> 00:14:52,858 SO THE MYSTERY WILL BE SOLVED. 452 00:14:57,462 --> 00:14:56,528 BUT IT IS ONE THAT'S GOT US ON 453 00:15:00,465 --> 00:14:57,529 THE EDGE OF OUR SEATS. 454 00:15:02,167 --> 00:15:00,532 NOW IN THE NEXT GRAPHIC, I'LL 455 00:15:03,335 --> 00:15:02,234 FOCUS ON A LARGE BASIN WHICH IS 456 00:15:06,505 --> 00:15:03,402 OUTLINED IN THE BOX HERE. 457 00:15:07,506 --> 00:15:06,572 THIS BASIN IS ABOUT 300 458 00:15:09,541 --> 00:15:07,573 KILOMETERS ACROSS. 459 00:15:10,208 --> 00:15:09,608 AND I FOCUS ON THIS BECAUSE IT 460 00:15:12,611 --> 00:15:10,275 LOOKS RATHER SMOOTH. 461 00:15:13,378 --> 00:15:12,678 WE EXPECTED THE SURFACE OF CERES 462 00:15:15,714 --> 00:15:13,445 WOULD BE SMOOTH. 463 00:15:17,683 --> 00:15:15,781 ESPECIALLY AROUND THE EQUATOR 464 00:15:18,350 --> 00:15:17,750 BECAUSE WE EXPECT A SUBSURFACE 465 00:15:20,953 --> 00:15:18,417 ICE LAYER. 466 00:15:21,954 --> 00:15:21,020 AND AS THE TEMPERATURE OF CERES 467 00:15:24,056 --> 00:15:22,021 SURFACE, ICE CAN SLOW. 468 00:15:26,658 --> 00:15:24,123 AND OVER TIME, CRATERS CAN 469 00:15:26,992 --> 00:15:26,725 RELAX, SO BASICALLY THEY GET 470 00:15:29,928 --> 00:15:27,059 ERASED. 471 00:15:30,395 --> 00:15:29,995 AND THIS BASIN HAS SUCH 472 00:15:32,197 --> 00:15:30,462 CHARACTERISTICS. 473 00:15:34,032 --> 00:15:32,264 HAS A VERY FAINT OUTLINE OF A 474 00:15:35,968 --> 00:15:34,099 RIM, IT'S NOT AS DEEP AS WE 475 00:15:36,568 --> 00:15:36,035 WOULD EXPECT FOR AN IMPACT 476 00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:36,635 CRATER. 477 00:15:39,371 --> 00:15:38,737 AND IT ACTUALLY SHOWS SOME 478 00:15:40,872 --> 00:15:39,438 MOUNDS INSIDE. 479 00:15:42,741 --> 00:15:40,939 HAS A SMOOTH APPEARANCE. 480 00:15:45,444 --> 00:15:42,808 SO THIS MAY BE AN EXAMPLE OF ONE 481 00:15:47,612 --> 00:15:45,511 OF THESE RELAXED BASINS. 482 00:15:49,114 --> 00:15:47,679 WE ALSO SEE SIMILAR SHALLOW 483 00:15:51,616 --> 00:15:49,181 CRATERS NEARBY. 484 00:15:54,019 --> 00:15:51,683 SO THIS MAY INDICATE A DISTINCT 485 00:15:55,253 --> 00:15:54,086 -- REGION OF DISTINCT GEOLOGIC 486 00:15:56,989 --> 00:15:55,320 PROCESSES. 487 00:15:58,090 --> 00:15:57,056 AND AS DAWN GOES THROUGH ITS 488 00:16:00,525 --> 00:15:58,157 COMPREHENSIVE MAPPING, WE'LL 489 00:16:01,660 --> 00:16:00,592 OBTAIN THE DATA THAT WE NEED TO 490 00:16:02,661 --> 00:16:01,727 UNDERSTAND WHAT THIS COMPLEX 491 00:16:07,265 --> 00:16:02,728 STRUCTURE IS TELLING US ABOUT 492 00:16:08,967 --> 00:16:07,332 THE SUBSURFACE. 493 00:16:11,703 --> 00:16:09,034 IN THE NEXT MOVIE, I WANTED TO 494 00:16:13,071 --> 00:16:11,770 TURN BACK TO VESTA AND GIVE YOU 495 00:16:15,073 --> 00:16:13,138 A COUPLE OF HIGHLIGHTS. 496 00:16:17,042 --> 00:16:15,140 SO THIS MOVIE DEMONSTRATES THE 497 00:16:19,177 --> 00:16:17,109 RESULTS OF DAWN'S 14-MONTH 498 00:16:20,879 --> 00:16:19,244 INVESTIGATION OF VESTA THAT 499 00:16:23,048 --> 00:16:20,946 REVEALED A COMPLEX WORLD GIANT 500 00:16:24,449 --> 00:16:23,115 IMPACT BASINS, TECTONIC 501 00:16:25,984 --> 00:16:24,516 FRACTURING, A DIVERSITY OF 502 00:16:27,319 --> 00:16:26,051 SURFACE MINERALS, AND 503 00:16:29,554 --> 00:16:27,386 SIGNIFICANTLY DAWN DISCOVERED 504 00:16:32,290 --> 00:16:29,621 HYDROGEN ON THE SURFACE OF THIS 505 00:16:35,127 --> 00:16:32,357 DRY, ROCKY PROTOPLANET. 506 00:16:36,728 --> 00:16:35,194 AND IT -- THE HYDROGEN IS 507 00:16:38,063 --> 00:16:36,795 ASSOCIATED WITH DARK CARBON- 508 00:16:39,698 --> 00:16:38,130 RICH MATERIAL WHICH WE BELIEVE 509 00:16:43,235 --> 00:16:39,765 WAS DELIVERED TO THE SURFACE OF 510 00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:43,302 VESTA BY IMPACTS OF WET 511 00:16:46,705 --> 00:16:44,937 VOLATILE-RICH ASTEROIDS. 512 00:16:48,206 --> 00:16:46,772 ASTEROIDS LIKE CERES. 513 00:16:49,975 --> 00:16:48,273 SO IF THESE ASTEROIDS WERE 514 00:16:51,476 --> 00:16:50,042 DELIVERING VOLATILES TO VESTA, 515 00:16:53,812 --> 00:16:51,543 THEY ALSO WERE DELIVERING THOSE 516 00:16:55,580 --> 00:16:53,879 -- THE WATER TO THE INNER 517 00:16:56,915 --> 00:16:55,647 PLANETS INCLUDING THE EARTH. 518 00:16:58,316 --> 00:16:56,982 AND THIS IS ONE OF THE 519 00:17:01,053 --> 00:16:58,383 CONNECTIONS THAT WE WANT TO MAKE 520 00:17:04,222 --> 00:17:01,120 WITH THE DAWN MISSION. 521 00:17:07,526 --> 00:17:04,289 IN THE NEXT VIDEO, THIS 522 00:17:10,028 --> 00:17:07,593 DEMONSTRATES A FLYOVER OF THE 523 00:17:12,064 --> 00:17:10,095 68-KILOMETER MARCH CRATE OR 524 00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:12,131 VESTA WHERE WE SAW EVIDENCE OF 525 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:13,265 GASES ESCAPING FROM THE CENTER 526 00:17:16,501 --> 00:17:15,067 OF THE CRATER LEAVING THESE 527 00:17:20,005 --> 00:17:16,568 TELLTALE PITS. 528 00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:20,072 AND THE GAS, LIKELY WATER VAPOR 529 00:17:27,512 --> 00:17:22,107 WAS RELEASED BY IMPACT SHOCK 530 00:17:28,747 --> 00:17:27,579 HEATING RELEASING THE WATER FROM 531 00:17:29,948 --> 00:17:28,814 THE DARK MATERIAL THAT WAS 532 00:17:33,018 --> 00:17:30,015 BURIED IN THE SURSURFACE. 533 00:17:33,718 --> 00:17:33,085 OUR EXPLORING OF CERES IS GOING 534 00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:33,785 TO REVEAL A SIMILAR DATA SET 535 00:17:36,121 --> 00:17:35,187 FROM WHICH WE WILL BE ABLE TO 536 00:17:37,756 --> 00:17:36,188 ANSWER THE MANY QUESTIONS THAT 537 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:37,823 ARE BEING RAISED BY THE IMAGES 538 00:17:45,697 --> 00:17:41,426 WE'RE SEEING TODAY. 539 00:17:48,667 --> 00:17:45,764 MY LAST GRAPHIC IS ANOTHER MOVIE 540 00:17:49,301 --> 00:17:48,734 WHICH HAS BEEN ENHANCED TO SHOW 541 00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:49,368 THE SURFACE RELIEF. 542 00:17:52,437 --> 00:17:51,537 AND OVER THE COURSE OF 16 543 00:17:55,540 --> 00:17:52,504 MONTHS, DAWN WILL COLLECT 544 00:17:59,644 --> 00:17:55,607 COMPREHENSIVE DATA SETS ON CERES 545 00:18:02,380 --> 00:17:59,711 REVEALING ITS SHAPE, SURFACE 546 00:18:03,748 --> 00:18:02,447 FEATURES, THE MINERALOLOGY AND 547 00:18:05,350 --> 00:18:03,815 ELEMENTALCOSM ZIG, WHETHER THE 548 00:18:06,118 --> 00:18:05,417 SURFACE -- ELEMENTAL 549 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:06,185 COMPOSITION, WHETHER THE SURFACE 550 00:18:15,727 --> 00:18:08,987 IS ACTIVE, AND HOW CERES FORMED. 551 00:18:18,163 --> 00:18:15,794 WE CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT ROLE 552 00:18:18,763 --> 00:18:18,230 BUILDING BLOCKS BLOCKS CERES HAD 553 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:18,830 IN FORMING PLANETARY 554 00:18:19,898 --> 00:18:19,298 NEIGHBORHOODS. 555 00:18:23,301 --> 00:18:19,965 CERES WILL BE REVEALED IN 556 00:18:24,636 --> 00:18:23,368 STUNNING DETAIL JUST LIKE VESTA. 557 00:18:25,403 --> 00:18:24,703 NOW I'LL TURN IT BACK TO JANE 558 00:18:25,937 --> 00:18:25,470 FOR QUESTIONS. 559 00:18:29,674 --> 00:18:26,004 >> ALL RIGHT. 560 00:18:30,242 --> 00:18:29,741 THANK YOU, CAROL AND BOB AND JIM 561 00:18:31,042 --> 00:18:30,309 AND CHARLES. 562 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:31,109 WE'RE GOING TO TAKE QUESTIONS 563 00:18:36,515 --> 00:18:35,547 BOTH FROM THE AUDITORIUM HERE AT 564 00:18:37,716 --> 00:18:36,582 JPL AND VIA THE PHONE LINES, 565 00:18:39,184 --> 00:18:37,783 REPORTERS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS. 566 00:18:43,688 --> 00:18:39,251 DO WE HAVE A QUESTION HERE AT 567 00:18:45,290 --> 00:18:43,755 JPL TO START THINGS OFF? 568 00:18:46,758 --> 00:18:45,357 IF SO, PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND 569 00:18:47,025 --> 00:18:46,825 AND WAIT FOR THE MIKE TO COME TO 570 00:18:48,426 --> 00:18:47,092 YOU. 571 00:18:54,833 --> 00:18:48,493 WHEN YOU GET THE MIKE, STATE 572 00:18:59,371 --> 00:18:54,900 YOUR NAME AND MEDIA AFFILIATION. 573 00:18:59,671 --> 00:18:59,438 OKAY, LET'S GET A MIKE OVER 574 00:19:00,505 --> 00:18:59,738 HERE. 575 00:19:02,974 --> 00:19:00,572 I SHOULD MENTION THAT IF YOU'RE 576 00:19:04,509 --> 00:19:03,041 ON THE PHONE AND WOULD LIKE TO 577 00:19:07,546 --> 00:19:04,576 ASK A QUESTION, PRESS STAR-ONE 578 00:19:08,713 --> 00:19:07,613 SO THE OPERATOR CAN GET YOU INTO 579 00:19:09,047 --> 00:19:08,780 THE QUEUE. 580 00:19:10,882 --> 00:19:09,114 ALICIA? 581 00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:10,949 >> ALICIA CHANG FROM A.P. 582 00:19:13,752 --> 00:19:12,117 ROBERT, CAN YOU GIVE MORE 583 00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:13,819 DETAILS ABOUT FRIDAY'S TIMELINE? 584 00:19:15,554 --> 00:19:15,287 WHEN DO YOU EXPECT TO GET A 585 00:19:16,988 --> 00:19:15,621 SIGNAL? 586 00:19:18,957 --> 00:19:17,055 DO YOU EXPECT ANY DRAMATIC 587 00:19:19,958 --> 00:19:19,024 MOMENT DURING THE ORBIT CAPTURE? 588 00:19:20,458 --> 00:19:20,025 THANKS. 589 00:19:22,861 --> 00:19:20,525 >> ALL RIGHT. 590 00:19:24,062 --> 00:19:22,928 SO THE QUESTION IS WHEN WILL WE 591 00:19:25,897 --> 00:19:24,129 GET THE SIGNAL, AND WHAT WILL 592 00:19:27,832 --> 00:19:25,964 THE MOMENT BE LIKE. 593 00:19:28,700 --> 00:19:27,899 SO AS I DESCRIBED, THE CAPTURE 594 00:19:30,268 --> 00:19:28,767 EVENT ITSELF IS GOING TO OCCUR 595 00:19:31,836 --> 00:19:30,335 AT A TIME WHEN THE SPACECRAFT'S 596 00:19:32,304 --> 00:19:31,903 NOT IN COMMUNICATION WITH THE 597 00:19:33,905 --> 00:19:32,371 EARTH. 598 00:19:34,940 --> 00:19:33,972 AND SO THERE WILL BE LITERALLY 599 00:19:38,376 --> 00:19:35,007 NOTHING TO WATCH AT THE TIME 600 00:19:40,178 --> 00:19:38,443 THAT IT HAPPENS. 601 00:19:43,448 --> 00:19:40,245 SO THERE WON'T BE THE TYPE OF 602 00:19:44,216 --> 00:19:43,515 DRAMATIC MISSION CONTROL ROOM 603 00:19:50,589 --> 00:19:44,283 EVENT THAT YOU HAVE PERHAPS SEEN 604 00:19:51,690 --> 00:19:50,656 SOME OTHER MISSIONS. 605 00:19:53,425 --> 00:19:51,757 LATER IN THE DAY, LATER THAT 606 00:19:54,626 --> 00:19:53,492 MORNING, WE'LL HAVE A TRACK WITH 607 00:19:56,027 --> 00:19:54,693 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK. 608 00:19:57,295 --> 00:19:56,094 THE SIGNAL WILL COME BACK. 609 00:19:59,431 --> 00:19:57,362 AROUND EARLY AFTERNOON IS WHEN 610 00:20:00,332 --> 00:19:59,498 WE'LL GET THE CONFIRMATION OF 611 00:20:03,568 --> 00:20:00,399 SIGNAL AND REALLY THAT WILL BE 612 00:20:07,205 --> 00:20:03,635 THE TIME AT WHICH WE SAY INDEED 613 00:20:08,573 --> 00:20:07,272 CAPTURE HAS OCCURRED AT THE 614 00:20:09,107 --> 00:20:08,640 PREVIOUS TIME. 615 00:20:13,111 --> 00:20:09,174 >> OKAY. 616 00:20:13,445 --> 00:20:13,178 WE HAVE A QUESTION IN THE SECOND 617 00:20:14,679 --> 00:20:13,512 ROW. 618 00:20:16,181 --> 00:20:14,746 >> THANK YOU. 619 00:20:18,250 --> 00:20:16,248 HI, ROD PYLE FROM SPACE.COM. 620 00:20:20,151 --> 00:20:18,317 I HATE TO ASK YOU TO SPECULATE, 621 00:20:21,586 --> 00:20:20,218 BUT WHAT KIND OF GEOLOGICAL 622 00:20:23,521 --> 00:20:21,653 ACTIVITY DO YOU THINK WE MIGHT 623 00:20:27,826 --> 00:20:23,588 EXPECT, AND HOW MUCH OF THAT 624 00:20:28,927 --> 00:20:27,893 WILL BE DUE TO TIDAL FORCES AND 625 00:20:31,396 --> 00:20:28,994 OTHER THINGS? 626 00:20:32,998 --> 00:20:31,463 >> SO FIRST OF ALL, THERE AREN'T 627 00:20:33,331 --> 00:20:33,065 STRONG TIDAL FORCES AFFECTING 628 00:20:37,435 --> 00:20:33,398 CERES. 629 00:20:39,804 --> 00:20:37,502 BUT CERES IS MUCH CLOSER TO THE 630 00:20:41,539 --> 00:20:39,871 SUN THAN THE JUPITER MOONS OR 631 00:20:44,542 --> 00:20:41,606 MOONS OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. 632 00:20:44,876 --> 00:20:44,609 SO THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE IS 633 00:20:46,911 --> 00:20:44,943 SOLAR. 634 00:20:49,347 --> 00:20:46,978 WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITY OR 635 00:20:51,149 --> 00:20:49,414 PROCESSES THAT WE WOULD EXPECT 636 00:20:53,818 --> 00:20:51,216 IS, AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, THAT 637 00:20:56,021 --> 00:20:53,885 THE ICE MAY BE HAVE THE ABILITY 638 00:20:56,988 --> 00:20:56,088 TO BLOW TO BECAUSE IT'S WARMER 639 00:21:00,892 --> 00:20:57,055 -- TO FLOW BECAUSE IT'S WARMER 640 00:21:06,598 --> 00:21:00,959 THAN THE ICY MOONS. 641 00:21:07,265 --> 00:21:06,665 AND THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF 642 00:21:08,033 --> 00:21:07,332 CONVECTION THAT COULD BE 643 00:21:09,434 --> 00:21:08,100 BRINGING MATERIAL UP FROM THE 644 00:21:13,271 --> 00:21:09,501 ROCKY CORE TO THE SURFACE. 645 00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:13,338 SO WE ARE LOOKING FOR EVIDENCE 646 00:21:22,714 --> 00:21:15,607 OF MATERIAL ON THE SURFACE THAT 647 00:21:23,515 --> 00:21:22,781 APPEARS TO HAVE ORIGINATED AT 648 00:21:25,050 --> 00:21:23,582 THE WATER/ROCK BOUNDARY BECAUSE 649 00:21:26,351 --> 00:21:25,117 WE SUSPECT THERE WAS A 650 00:21:26,651 --> 00:21:26,418 SUBSURFACE OCEAN EARLY ON IN 651 00:21:27,552 --> 00:21:26,718 CERES. 652 00:21:28,887 --> 00:21:27,619 THOSE ARE THE TYPES OF THINGS 653 00:21:30,488 --> 00:21:28,954 WE'RE LOOKING FOR AND ANY KIND 654 00:21:33,658 --> 00:21:30,555 OF CRACKING OF THE SURFACE WHICH 655 00:21:34,526 --> 00:21:33,725 MIGHT INDICATE THAT THERE'S SOME 656 00:21:36,961 --> 00:21:34,593 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE 657 00:21:37,862 --> 00:21:37,028 SUBSURFACE AND THE SURFACE. 658 00:21:38,997 --> 00:21:37,929 >> WE'RE GOING TO TAKE A 659 00:21:39,297 --> 00:21:39,064 QUESTION FROM THE PHONE LINES 660 00:21:44,803 --> 00:21:39,364 NOW. 661 00:21:45,303 --> 00:21:44,870 THIS ONE COMES FROM MIKE WALL AT 662 00:21:47,972 --> 00:21:45,370 SPACE.COM. 663 00:21:48,406 --> 00:21:48,039 MIKE? 664 00:21:49,074 --> 00:21:48,473 >> HI, GUYS. 665 00:21:50,842 --> 00:21:49,141 THANK YOU FOR DOING THIS. 666 00:21:52,243 --> 00:21:50,909 THIS IS REALLY EXCITING FOR ALL 667 00:21:54,112 --> 00:21:52,310 OF US WHO ARE FINALLY GOING TO 668 00:21:56,214 --> 00:21:54,179 GET A LOOK AT CERES. 669 00:21:57,349 --> 00:21:56,281 YEAH, YOU MENTIONED, CAROL, THAT 670 00:22:00,485 --> 00:21:57,416 THERE WERE PLUMES KIND OF 671 00:22:03,688 --> 00:22:00,552 OBSERVED ON CERES. 672 00:22:05,056 --> 00:22:03,755 DO YOU GUYS HAVE ANY -- ANY 673 00:22:07,192 --> 00:22:05,123 PLANS TO ACTUALLY INVESTIGATE 674 00:22:07,492 --> 00:22:07,259 THOSE PLUMES, TO TRY TO CONFIRM 675 00:22:11,429 --> 00:22:07,559 THEM? 676 00:22:12,697 --> 00:22:11,496 CAN DAWN ACTUALLY CONFIRM IF 677 00:22:14,466 --> 00:22:12,764 THERE ARE PLUMES OR IF THE 678 00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:14,533 PLUMES WERE THE RESULT OF A 679 00:22:17,202 --> 00:22:15,367 METEORITE IMPACT? 680 00:22:18,069 --> 00:22:17,269 WHAT ARE YOUR PLANS GOING 681 00:22:22,006 --> 00:22:18,136 FORWARD WITH THAT DURING YOUR 682 00:22:26,945 --> 00:22:22,073 TIME IN ORBIT AROUND CERES? 683 00:22:28,580 --> 00:22:27,012 >> SO FIRST OF ALL, THE -- WHAT 684 00:22:32,617 --> 00:22:28,647 HERSCHEL SAW DOESN'T NECESSARILY 685 00:22:34,219 --> 00:22:32,684 INDICATE THERE ARE PLUMES. 686 00:22:41,626 --> 00:22:34,286 THE RATE OF WATER VAPOR MISSION 687 00:22:42,994 --> 00:22:41,693 THEY INFERRED WAS VERY LOW. 688 00:22:43,762 --> 00:22:43,061 IF ANYTHING, THERE WOULD BE 689 00:22:47,132 --> 00:22:43,829 FAINT JETS COMING FROM THE 690 00:22:50,568 --> 00:22:47,199 SURFACE IF THEY ARE LOCALIZED. 691 00:22:54,773 --> 00:22:50,635 DAWN'S INSTRUMENTATION IS NOT -- 692 00:22:59,043 --> 00:22:54,840 IS NOT MEANT TO LOOK FOR THESE 693 00:22:59,444 --> 00:22:59,110 KINDS OF FEATURES OR TRANSIENT 694 00:23:00,945 --> 00:22:59,511 PHENOMENON. 695 00:23:04,516 --> 00:23:01,012 BUT WE ARE USING OUR PAYLOAD TO 696 00:23:05,917 --> 00:23:04,583 DO THE BEST JOB WE CAN TO LOOK 697 00:23:07,886 --> 00:23:05,984 FOR THEM. 698 00:23:09,087 --> 00:23:07,953 SO WE WILL BE MAKING 699 00:23:10,155 --> 00:23:09,154 OBSERVATIONS IN FORWARD 700 00:23:12,223 --> 00:23:10,222 SCATTERED LIGHT TO LOOK FOR DUST 701 00:23:13,858 --> 00:23:12,290 THAT'S BEEN LEVITATED FROM THE 702 00:23:17,529 --> 00:23:13,925 SURFACE BY GAS EMISSIONS. 703 00:23:20,498 --> 00:23:17,596 AND OF COURSE, WE CAN USE OUR IR 704 00:23:22,066 --> 00:23:20,565 SPECTROMETER TO LOOK FOR WATER 705 00:23:22,967 --> 00:23:22,133 VAPOR IN A TENUOUS ATMOSPHERE 706 00:23:24,569 --> 00:23:23,034 AROUND CERES. 707 00:23:29,641 --> 00:23:24,636 WE PIG MAKING THOSE MEASUREMENTS 708 00:23:34,446 --> 00:23:29,708 AS WE GET INTO OUR FIRST SCIENCE 709 00:23:35,447 --> 00:23:34,513 ORBIT LATE IN APRIL. 710 00:23:36,381 --> 00:23:35,514 OUR NEXT QUESTION FROM ELLEN 711 00:23:37,682 --> 00:23:36,448 BOYLE FROM NBC NEWS. 712 00:23:38,516 --> 00:23:37,749 GOOD MORNING, ELLEN. 713 00:23:39,517 --> 00:23:38,583 >> GOOD MORNING. 714 00:23:39,984 --> 00:23:39,584 I THINK THIS IS PROBABLY FOR 715 00:23:43,955 --> 00:23:40,051 CAROL. 716 00:23:44,255 --> 00:23:44,022 I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT THE BRIGHT 717 00:23:45,590 --> 00:23:44,322 SPOTS. 718 00:23:46,724 --> 00:23:45,657 IT LOOKS AS IF THERE'S A 719 00:23:52,797 --> 00:23:46,791 REFLECTION THAT COMES STRAIGHT 720 00:23:54,065 --> 00:23:52,864 IN TO CERES' CAMERA ON THE EDGE. 721 00:23:54,432 --> 00:23:54,132 I GUESS THAT'S REFLECTED 722 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:54,499 SUNLIGHTS. 723 00:23:56,868 --> 00:23:55,667 IS THERE ANY REASON, HAVE YOU 724 00:23:57,168 --> 00:23:56,935 FIGURED OUT THE GEOMETRY FOR 725 00:24:01,439 --> 00:23:57,235 THAT? 726 00:24:03,508 --> 00:24:01,506 IT SOUND AS IF THERE REALLY 727 00:24:04,676 --> 00:24:03,575 WON'T BE ANY OBSERVATIONS WHICH 728 00:24:05,810 --> 00:24:04,743 CERES IS ON THE DARK SIDE. 729 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:05,877 SHOULD OUR EXPECTATION BE THAT 730 00:24:12,584 --> 00:24:08,947 THERE WON'T BE ANY IMAGERY UNTIL 731 00:24:12,951 --> 00:24:12,651 SOMETIME IN APRIL? 732 00:24:13,918 --> 00:24:13,018 THANK YOU. 733 00:24:16,054 --> 00:24:13,985 >> YEAH, THAT'S CORRECT. 734 00:24:19,324 --> 00:24:16,121 WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE GETTING 735 00:24:21,159 --> 00:24:19,391 ANY NEW DATA UNTIL WE EMERGE 736 00:24:23,461 --> 00:24:21,226 FROM THIS TRIP AROUND THE DARK 737 00:24:25,763 --> 00:24:23,528 SIDE OF CERES. 738 00:24:28,399 --> 00:24:25,830 SO AS WE GET INTO OUR FIRST 739 00:24:32,170 --> 00:24:28,466 SCIENCE ORBIT, THE RC3 ORBIT, WE 740 00:24:33,004 --> 00:24:32,237 WILL BE GETTING BETTER 741 00:24:36,975 --> 00:24:33,071 RESOLUTION, AND IN ADDITION 742 00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:37,042 WE'RE WORKING ON THE CORRECTION 743 00:24:40,745 --> 00:24:38,577 TO THE IMAGE DATA TO MAKE SURE 744 00:24:42,780 --> 00:24:40,812 THAT WE'RE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT 745 00:24:48,853 --> 00:24:42,847 HOW THE GEOMETRY AFFECTS HOW WE 746 00:24:50,388 --> 00:24:48,920 SEE THINGS ON THE SURFACE. 747 00:24:51,489 --> 00:24:50,455 WE'RE STILL IN EARLY STAGES OF 748 00:24:54,926 --> 00:24:51,556 HAVING AN ACCURATE PICTURE OF 749 00:24:59,764 --> 00:24:54,993 WHAT THE REFLECTIVE 750 00:25:01,633 --> 00:24:59,831 CHARACTERISTICS ARE. 751 00:25:07,805 --> 00:25:01,700 OUR NEXT QUESTION BY PHONE LINE 752 00:25:08,139 --> 00:25:07,872 IS FROM ALEXANDER WHIKSY AT 753 00:25:09,073 --> 00:25:08,206 NATURE. 754 00:25:09,407 --> 00:25:09,140 >> THIS IS ALSO FOR CAROL RAY 755 00:25:12,043 --> 00:25:09,474 MANNED. 756 00:25:12,377 --> 00:25:12,110 I WANTED TO ASK SPECIFICALLY -- 757 00:25:14,012 --> 00:25:12,444 RAYMOND. 758 00:25:15,980 --> 00:25:14,079 I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT THE 759 00:25:16,447 --> 00:25:16,047 POSSIBILITY OF CRYOVULCANNISM IN 760 00:25:20,919 --> 00:25:16,514 BRIGHT SPOTS. 761 00:25:24,155 --> 00:25:20,986 THE PRESS RELEASE LAST WEEK 762 00:25:25,156 --> 00:25:24,222 SUGGESTED THAT VOLCANIC 763 00:25:26,357 --> 00:25:25,223 PROCESSES MIGHT BE IN PLACE. 764 00:25:28,660 --> 00:25:26,424 HOW WOULD IT DIFFER FROM, FOR 765 00:25:34,966 --> 00:25:28,727 INSTANCE, EXPOSING ICE FROM A 766 00:25:37,101 --> 00:25:35,033 METER YEARITE IMPACT. 767 00:25:39,304 --> 00:25:37,168 >> A CRY -- METEORITE IMPACT. 768 00:25:40,104 --> 00:25:39,371 >> A CRYOVOLCANO WOULD OCCUR IN 769 00:25:41,606 --> 00:25:40,171 A STRUCTURAL FEATURE. 770 00:25:45,944 --> 00:25:41,673 WE WOULD EXPECT TO SEE A MOUNDED 771 00:25:50,448 --> 00:25:46,011 FEATURE ON THE SURFACE, SOME 772 00:25:51,215 --> 00:25:50,515 SORT OF DEPOSIT AROUND A CENTRAL 773 00:25:54,085 --> 00:25:51,282 EVENT OR CRACK. 774 00:25:57,422 --> 00:25:54,152 IN THE CASE OF THIS CRATER, WHAT 775 00:26:00,391 --> 00:25:57,489 WE CAN SAY IS THAT THE BRIGHTEST 776 00:26:05,029 --> 00:26:00,458 SPOT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A 777 00:26:05,997 --> 00:26:05,096 POSITIVE RELIEF FEATURE, I.E., A 778 00:26:13,671 --> 00:26:06,064 MOUND OR A PEAK. 779 00:26:15,139 --> 00:26:13,738 SO IT'S NOT A CRYOVOLCANO IS NOT 780 00:26:15,707 --> 00:26:15,206 AT THE TOP OF THE LIST FOR THAT 781 00:26:16,407 --> 00:26:15,774 FEATURE. 782 00:26:17,241 --> 00:26:16,474 OKAY, WE HAVE MORE QUESTIONS 783 00:26:19,110 --> 00:26:17,308 FROM THE PHONE. 784 00:26:22,347 --> 00:26:19,177 WE'LL GET TO THOSE IN A SECOND. 785 00:26:25,049 --> 00:26:22,414 AGAIN, IF ANYBODY HERE AT JPL 786 00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:25,116 DOES HAVE A QUESTION, RAISE YOUR 787 00:26:28,353 --> 00:26:25,417 HAND. 788 00:26:28,853 --> 00:26:28,420 RIGHT NOW WE'RE GOING TO GO TO A 789 00:26:33,358 --> 00:26:28,920 PHONE QUESTION. 790 00:26:33,958 --> 00:26:33,425 AND THAT IS FROM ROBERT HOLTZ AT 791 00:26:34,926 --> 00:26:34,025 "WALL STREET JOURNAL." 792 00:26:37,862 --> 00:26:34,993 >> HI, THANK YOU FOR MAKING TIME 793 00:26:40,898 --> 00:26:37,929 FOR ALL THIS. 794 00:26:43,067 --> 00:26:40,965 I WONDER IF YOU COULD REVIEW THE 795 00:26:46,938 --> 00:26:43,134 BACKGROUND FOR ME ON TWO ISSUES. 796 00:26:49,207 --> 00:26:47,005 ONE, WHAT'S THE CURRENT STATE OF 797 00:26:51,676 --> 00:26:49,274 THE EVIDENCE FOR SUBSURFACE ICE 798 00:27:03,488 --> 00:26:51,743 AND THE THOUGHT THAT THERE WAS 799 00:27:04,555 --> 00:27:03,555 AT ONE TIME A PRIMORDIAL OCEAN, 800 00:27:06,424 --> 00:27:04,622 QUESTION MARK FOR CAROL I THINK. 801 00:27:08,226 --> 00:27:06,491 >> WE KNOW BEFORE DAWN ARRIVED 802 00:27:09,994 --> 00:27:08,293 AT CAREERES FROM ITS SHAPE WHICH 803 00:27:11,562 --> 00:27:10,061 WAS DETERMINED -- CERES FROM ITS 804 00:27:12,363 --> 00:27:11,629 SHAPE WHICH WAS DETERMINED FROM 805 00:27:14,866 --> 00:27:12,430 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE AND THE 806 00:27:17,201 --> 00:27:14,933 DENSITY OF CERES, WE KNOW CERES 807 00:27:18,069 --> 00:27:17,268 RETAINED A LOT OF VOLATILES, AS 808 00:27:20,138 --> 00:27:18,136 I MENTIONED. 809 00:27:24,375 --> 00:27:20,205 ITS SHAPE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE 810 00:27:26,444 --> 00:27:24,442 -- WITH A DIFFERENTIATION INTO A 811 00:27:26,444 --> 00:27:26,511 ROCKY CORE AND AN ICEMAN TELE. 812 00:27:26,511 --> 00:27:28,913 AND IF YOU -- ICE MANTLE.